Prevención de eventos de superpropagación de COVID-19 en autobuses que transportaron pacientes presintomáticos / Prevention of COVID-19 superspreader events in buses boarded by presymptomatic patients

Resumen Introducción: Ha ocurrido superpropagación de COVID-19 cuando individuos sintomáticos sin uso de cubrebocas abordaron autobuses. Objetivo: Reportar el riesgo de superpropagación cuando individuos presintomáticos abordaron autobuses junto con pasajeros no vacunados, pero se mantuvieron intervenciones preventivas no farmacológicas. Métodos: Estudio prospectivo de personal de salud transportado durante dos semanas en autobuses a un centro de vacunación contra COVID-19. Fue obligatorio llevar ventanas abiertas, uso correcto de cubrebocas y exclusión de personas con síntomas. La vigilancia prospectiva identificó a trabajadores con COVID-19 los 14 días siguientes a la vacunación. Cada pasajero asintomático de autobuses donde se detectaron casos fue vigilado durante un periodo similar. Los resultados de tamizaje voluntario estuvieron disponibles para los trabajadores que se realizaron prueba el mes previo o el siguiente a la vacunación. Resultados: 1879 trabajadores abordaron 65 autobuses. El tiempo a bordo varió de tres a ocho horas. Veintinueve casos de COVID-19 y cuatro casos asintomáticos fueron identificados entre 613 pasajeros de 21 autobuses. La mediana de tiempo entre la vacunación y el inicio de síntomas de COVID-19 fue de seis días. Fue identificado un caso de transmisión sospechada en autobús. Conclusiones: Las intervenciones preventivas no farmacológicas estrictas redujeron sustancialmente el riesgo de superpropagación de COVID-19 en autobuses ocupados por individuos presintomáticos.

Abstract Introduction: COVID-19 superspreader events have occurred when symptomatic individuals without wearing face masks boarded buses. Objective: To report the risk of superspreader events when presymptomatic individuals boarded buses together with unvaccinated passengers, but with non-pharmacological preventive interventions being maintained. Methods: Prospective study of health personnel transported in buses to a COVID-19 vaccination center for two weeks. Open windows, correct use of face masks and exclusion of symptomatic individuals were mandatory. Prospective surveillance identified workers with COVID-19 within 14 days after vaccination. Each asymptomatic passenger of buses where cases were identified was monitored for a similar time period. Voluntary screening results were available for workers who were tested in the month before or after vaccination. Results: 1,879 workers boarded 65 buses. On-board time ranged from three to eight hours. Twenty-nine cases of COVID-19 and four asymptomatic cases were identified among 613 passengers of 21 buses. Median time between vaccination and COVID-19 symptoms onset was six days. One case of suspected transmission on a bus was identified. Conclusions: Strict nonpharmacological preventive interventions substantially reduced the risk of COVID-19 superspreader events in buses boarded by presymptomatic individuals.

Role of acupuncture in the present and future / 全日本鍼灸学会雑誌

Currently, disease patterns in Japan are centered mainly on lifestyle-related diseases and diseases of the elderly, but in addition to these, mental illnesses, including stress and depression, are also increasing. This situation is expected to worsen in the future, and therefore, more efforts for health maintenance and its promotion, disease prevention, treatment of pre-symptomatic diseases, and care after illness are required more than ever before. Acupuncture and moxibustion have set "mibyo-chi" (treatment of pre-symptomatic diseases) as the highest behavioral health goal, and it recommends health maintenance and its promotion through "regimen." Acupuncture and moxibustion are based on the principle of maximum utilization of the body's self-control system through its natural healing power, which is, so to speak, the human body's renewable energy. Acupuncture and moxibustion have been trying to apply this power for the purpose of health maintenance and its promotion, disease prevention, treatment of pre-symptomatic diseases, and care after illness, respectively. The most important objectives of acupuncture and moxibustion have been health maintenance and its promotion and treatment of pre-symptomatic diseases. In the future, if society requires medical care that incorporates a social model, the era of acupuncture and moxibustion will have arrive. Acupuncture and moxibustion are based on the principle of maximum utilization of the body's self-control system through its natural healing power.

La infección asintomática por el SARS-CoV-2: evidencias para un estudio poblacional en Cuba / Asymptomatic Infection by SARS-CoV-2: evidence for a Population Study in Cuba a

Introducción: La transmisión del SARS-CoV-2 entre personas asintomáticas continúa siendo motivo de debate y preocupación para la comunidad científica internacional. Objetivo: Exponer algunas consideraciones sobre la infección asintomática por SARS-CoV-2 y características de los casos notificados en Cuba entre el 11 de marzo y 17 de junio de 2020 como evidencia para un estudio poblacional de seguimiento. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de la literatura sobre la infección por SARS-CoV-2 y las particularidades de las manifestaciones clínicas de la COVID-19; para ello se consultaron informaciones diarias y evidencias reportadas a través del portal web de la red Infomed. Se analizó la información contenida en la base de datos nacional de casos confirmados de la COVID-19, entre el 11 de marzo y 17 de junio de 2020. Además de la condición de asintomático al momento del diagnóstico se analizaron otras variables como grupos de edad y provincia. Se resumió la información mediante totales y tasa de incidencia acumulada. Se ajustó la línea recta y un polinomio de orden 4 a la serie de casos asintomáticos. Conclusiones: Se denota cuan comunes son las personas asintomáticas al momento del diagnóstico y parece existir consenso en el ámbito científico en cuanto a su implicación en la propagación subclínica de la enfermedad. Desde el inicio de la epidemia, la mayoría de los casos notificados en Cuba han sido asintomáticos, lo cual se ha evidenciado en la mayoría de las provincias y en los diferentes grupos etarios, exceptuando los menores de un año y el grupo entre 60 y 79 años de edad. El conocimiento incompleto sobre la magnitud de la infección asintomática en la población supuestamente sana, las peculiaridades de esos casos y su influencia en la transmisión viral, alentaron la realización de un estudio poblacional de seguimiento(AU)

Introduction: SARS-CoV-2 transmission among asymptomatic people continues to be a matter of debate and concern for the international scientific community. Objective: To present some considerations about SARS-CoV-2 asymptomatic infection and the characteristics of the cases reported in Cuba between March 11 and June 17, 2020, as evidence for a population follow-up study. Methods: We carried out a bibliographic review of the literature about SARS-CoV-2 infection and the particularities of the clinical manifestations of COVID-19, for which we consulted the daily information and the evidence reported through the web portal of the Infomed network. We analyzed the information contained in the national database of confirmed COVID-19 cases, between March 11 and June 17, 2020. In addition to the asymptomatic condition at the time of diagnosis, other variables were analyzed, such as age groups and province. The information was summarized using totals and the cumulative incidence rate. The straight line and a polynomial of order 4 were adjusted to the series of asymptomatic cases. Conclusions: It is evident how common asymptomatic people are at the time of diagnosis, while there seems to be consensus, in the scientific field, regarding their involvement in the subclinical spread of the disease. Since the beginning of the epidemic, most of the cases reported in Cuba have been asymptomatic, which has been evidenced in most of the provinces and different age groups, except those aged less than one year or 60-79 years old. Incomplete knowledge of the extent of asymptomatic infection in the supposedly healthy population, the peculiarities of these cases and its influence on viral transmission, encouraged a population "follow-up study(AU)

Asymptomatic and pre-symptomatic cases of COVID-19 contribution to spreading the epidemic and need for targeted control strategies / 中华流行病学杂志

The asymptomatic carrier state of COVID-19 has become a topic of concern for preventing a possible epidemic rebound. This review describes and defines the COVID-19 asymptomatic carrier state and outlines methods for identifying counting and reporting these cases. The author elaborates that the asymptomatic carrier state can be further divided into asymptomatic infection and pre-symptomatic infection after extended follow-up based on the nature of disease progression. The author presents the limited available data about infectiousness of asymptomatic and pre-symptomatic cases and their possible contributions to the overall epidemic of COVID-19 observed so far in China. Challenges of a possible second epidemic wave of COVID-19 caused by asymptomatic and pre-symptomatic cases are discussed and suggestions for control strategies and scientific research are provided.

Advances on presymptomatic or asymptomatic carrier transmission of COVID-19 / 中华流行病学杂志

COVID-19 is rapidly spreading. Patients in incubation period and healthy carriers are possible sources for transmission. However, such sources of infection cannot be effectively identified due to the symptoms absent. The research evidence is very lacking so far, although there are a few studies suggesting that presymptomatic or asymptomatic carrier may cause COVID-19 transmission. Nearly half of the literature is in the state of preprint without peer review. The question of "the degree to which presymptomatic or asymptomatic infections can transmit" is not fully understood. There is an urgent need to screen infected carriers in larger close contacts or in the general population, and assess their risk for transmission.

Depression as the middle-and long-term impact for pre-symptomatic testing of late-onset neurodegenerative disorders / A depressão como indicador do impacto psicológico a médio e longo prazo do teste pré-sintomático de doenças neurodegenerativas de início tardio / La depresión como el indicador de impacto psicológico a la media y largo plazo de la prueba pre-sintomática para enfermedades de aparición tardía

This cross-sectional study investigated depression as the middle- (4 years) and long-term (7 and 10 years) psychological impact of pre-symptomatic testing (PST) for 3 autosomal dominant late-onset diseases: Huntington's disease (HD), Machado-Joseph disease (MJD) and familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy (FAP) TTR V30M. It included 203 subjects: 170 (83.7%) underwent the PST for FAP, 29 (14.3%) for HD and 4 (2%) for MJD. Of these 203, 73 were still asymptomatic carriers, 29 (14.5%) were symptomatic, 9 (4.5%) were FAP liver transplanted patients and 89 (44.5%) were non-carriers. Subjects were mainly women (58.1%) and married (66.5%). The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) was used to evaluate depression. Scores were higher for symptomatic carriers and for those who have made one or more psychological support consultations over the years. For the formers, the mean scores pointed to mild depression. Asymptomatic carriers and non-carriers had similar scores but it was impossible to differentiate the psychological impact between the medium and long-term. For symptomatic carriers, there were significant differences between the middle- and long-term. The study indicates that depression occurs only when subjects had previously manifested the first symptoms of their neurologic disease.

Este estudo transversal investigou a depressão como indicador do impacto psicológico do teste pré-sintomático (TPS) a médio (quatro anos) e longo prazo (de 7 a 10 anos) de doenças neurológicas de início tardio: a doença de Huntington (DH), doença de Machado-Joseph (DMJ) e polineuropatia amiloidótica familiar PAF (TTR V30M). 203 sujeitos participaram no estudo: 170 (83,7%) submetidos ao TPS para PAF, 29 (14,3%) para o DH e 4 (2%) para DMJ. Destes 203, 73 eram portadores assintomáticos, 29 (14,5%) já eram sintomáticos, 9 (4,5%) pacientes com PAF, já tinham realizado o transplante hepático e 89 (44,5%) eram não-portadores. A amostra era constituída maioritariamente por mulheres (58,1%) e por sujeitos casados (66,5%). Utilizou-se o Inventário da Depressão de Beck (BDI). Os scores mais elevados foram observados nos portadores sintomáticos e nos sujeitos que tinham realizado consultas de psicologia com scores indicadores de depressão leve. Os portadores assintomáticos e os não-portadores apresentaram médias semelhantes. Para os portadores sintomáticos, encontrámos diferenças significativas entre o médio e o longo prazo. Este estudo conclui que a depressão pode ocorrer nos indivíduos que já manifestam os primeiros sintomas da respectiva doença neurológica.

Este estudio transversal investigó la depresión a la media (4 años) y largo plazo (7 y 10 años) del impacto psicológico de la prueba pre-sintomática (PPS) para 3 enfermedades autosómicos, dominantes, de aparición tardía: la enfermedad de Huntington (EH), la enfermedad de Machado-Joseph (EMJ) y la polineuropatia amiloide familiare (PAF) o polineuropatia amiloide da transtiretina FAP (TTR V30M). Participaron 203 sujetos: 170 (83,7%) para PPS para PAF, 29 (14,3%) para EH y 4 (2%) para EMJ. De estos 203, 73 estaban todavía portador asintomático, 29 (14,5%) eran sintomáticos, 9 (4,5%) fueron PAF pacientes con trasplante hepático y 89 (44,5%) eran no-portadores. Eran en su mayoría mujeres (58,1%) y casados (66,5%). Se utilizó el Inventario de Depresión de Beck (IDB). Los puntajes fueron mayores para las portadoras sintomáticas y para aquellos que han hecho consultas de apoyo psicológico con puntuaciones medias de depresión leve. Los portadores asintomáticos y no portadores tuvieron puntajes similares. Para portadores sintomáticos, hubo diferencias significativas entre el medio y largo plazo. Este estudio concluye que la depresión puede ocurrir en personas que ya muestran los primeros síntomas de la enfermedad neurológica.

Mid- and long-term anxiety levels associated with presymptomatic testing of Huntington's Disease, Machado-Joseph Disease, Machado-Joseph disease, and familial amyloid polyneuropathy

Objective: To study anxiety as a variable of the mid- and long-term psychological impact of pre-symptomatic testing for three autosomal dominant late-onset disorders – Huntington’s disease (HD), Machado-Joseph disease (MJD) and familial amyloid polyneuropathy (FAP) TTR V30M – in a Portuguese sample. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 203 participants: 170 (83.7%) underwent pre-symptomatic testing for FAP, 29 (14.3%) for HD, and 4 (2%) for MJD. Of the 203 participants, 73 (36.0%) were asymptomatic carriers, 29 (14.5%) were symptomatic carriers, 9 (4.5%) were diagnosed with FAP and had a liver transplant, and 89 (44.5%) were non-carriers. Most were women (58.1%) and married (66.5%). The anxiety variable was assessed using the Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS). Results: The anxiety scores were higher for symptomatic carriers and for those who underwent psychological support consultations over the years. For symptomatic carriers, the mean scores were superior to 40 points, which reflects clinical anxiety. Conclusion: Although it was not possible to differentiate between the mid- and long-term psychological impacts, this study supports the conclusion that the proximity to the age of symptoms onset might be a trigger for anxiety.

Clinical & radiological evaluation of atherosclerotic changes in carotid & coronary arteries in asymptomatic & clinically symptomatic individuals as a tool for pre-symptomatic diagnosis of cardiovascular disease.

Background & objectives: An increase in prevalence of atherosclerosis has been noted worldwide with reports of higher incidence of atherosclerotic vascular changes in Asian Indians. There is a need to measure vascular atherosclerotic changes and provide objective parameter to predict cardiac and cerebrovascular adverse events. Atherosclerotic changes in carotids and coronaries are generally accepted as an association. We attempted in this study to relate intimal-luminal changes in carotid arteries to luminal changes in coronary arteries. Our study presents results of high resolution ultra sonographic (HRUS) evaluation of intimal-medial-thickness (IMT) in carotid with luminal changes in coronaries on multidetector-CT (MDCT) in clinically asymptomatic and symptomatic individuals. Methods: In this prospective study, HRUS examination of the carotid bifurcation was performed in 151 individuals to measure IMT in asymptomatic and symptomatic groups. Assessments of coronary arteries of the same group of patients were evaluated by MDCT within a week interval. IMT changes were associated with age, sex, predisposing factors, calcium burden of coronaries and structural atherosclerotic changes in coronary arteries. Results: A linear association of IMT was observed with increasing age. IMT of 0.5-0.69 mm was noted in 50 per cent of patients between 51-56 yr with higher number of symptomatic patients in this group. Linear increases in coronary vascular changes were noted with increasing IMT thickness. Changes were more prevalent in diabetic, hypertensive, treadmill test (TMT) positive and clinically symptomatic patients. Interpretation & conclusions: Age-related progression of atherosclerosis was evident in internal carotid arteries. Significant association was observed in the IMT thickness of right common carotid (RCC) and coronary disease in symptomatic group; whereas IMT of left common carotid and internal carotid arteries did not show any association. RCC IMT between 0.5-0.7mm showed maximal association with significant symptomatic narrowing of coronary arteries. Patients with IMT beyond 0.7mm had no association with symptoms.

Mutación fundadora en una familia argentina con cáncer colorrectal hereditario / Detection of a founder mutation in an Argentine family with hereditary non polyposis colorectal cancer

El cáncer colorrectal hereditario no poliposo (CCHNP) se relaciona con mutaciones en los genes reparadores de ADN (MLH1, MSH2 y MSH6). La mayoría de estas alteraciones son familia-específicas y su detección suele requerir la secuenciación completa de los genes relacionados. Se detectó una mutación puntual (2269-2270insT) en el último codón del gen MLH1 en familias de un área del norte de Italia (Reggio Emilia) y su origen se considera debido a un efecto fundador. En este trabajo presentamos una familia mendocina con CCHNP portadora de la misma mutación, cuyos ancestros eran oriundos de Reggio Emilia. Para la detección de la mutación se diseñó una estrategia basada en PCR y posterior corte enzimático. La mutación fue hallada en tres integrantes de la familia estudiada, dos de los cuales no presentaban sintomatología clínica. Estos pacientes fueron seguidos preventivamente mediante colonoscopias. La metodología utilizada en nuestro laboratorio fue específica y sensible para la detección de una mutación previamente registrada y permitió realizar el diagnóstico genético molecular en el país, evitando el envío de muestras al extranjero. Es de importancia destacar que el diagnóstico genético pre-sintomático de cáncer hereditario, enfocado desde un grupo multidisciplinario de profesionales, permite un mejor seguimiento y apoyo a las familias afectadas.

Hereditary non polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) has been related to mutations in the DNA mismatch repair genes (MLH1, MSH2 y MSH6). Mutation detection analysis requires the complete sequencing of these genes, given the high frequency of family-specific alterations. A point mutation (2269- 2270insT) in the last codon of the MLH1 gene has been detected in families from a northern region of Italy (Reggio Emilia).Given that this alteration was registered only in people from this region, it has been considered a founder mutation. In this work, we present an Argentine HNPCC family whose ancestors were natives from the Reggio Emilia, Italy, and who were carriers for this mutation. In order to detect the genetic alteration, a PCR was developed followed by a restriction enzyme incubation assay. The mutation was detected in 3 family members, two of them without clinical symptoms. The PCR/restriction enzyme methodology has been sensitive and specific for the detection of this mutation. It has allowed the performance of a pre-symptomatic genetic diagnosis in the Argentine HNPCC family, avoiding sending samples abroad. It is worth mentioning that pre-symptomatic diagnosis of hereditary cancers allows enhanced surveillance and support for the affected families when it is performed by a multidisciplinary group.